ELISA was performed in a 96-well microtitration plate. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the. In: Simon JL, editor. Color development in each well was detected using an ELISA Reader (Model DG-5023, Huadong Electron Tube Factory, Nanjing, China) at an optical density of A490. Instead, urban growth in Eastern Europe seems to have more to do with affluence, and emissions have grown strongest in those regions where they have previously been low. That is a 250% increase. Especially, at a density of 1600 seedling a pot the net growth rate became negative. 2009). Epub 2021 Mar 4. To achieve this object, we investigated the effect of intensity of intraspecific competition and root-induced leaf cytokinin on the photosynthetic rate of corns planted at different PPDs. The amounts of IAA, GA3, ABA, and ZR were divided by their leaf sample weight to obtain their contents in leaf, and then divided by the volume of xylem sap to obtain the ZR and ABA contents in xylem sap. During the rewatering period, the average photosynthetic rate of rewatering corns was 27.20% higher than wet corns under high PPD and only 15.31% higher than wet corns under low PPD. An L, Lindermann M, Qi J, Shortdridge A, Liu J. J Hazard Mater. Most notably, population growth can interact with affluence. Zeatin riboside concentrations in leaves and xylem saps were significantly higher under rewatering treatment than those under wet treatment. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between leaf ZR content and ZR content in xylem sap. The effect of plant population density (PPD) and root-induced leaf cytokinin on the compensatory growth of potted corn seedlings during post-drought rewatering was investigated. Response of Navel Lane Late citrus trees to regulated deficit irrigation: yield components and fruit composition. Commuting costs and public transport infrastructure in and around cities are also obvious determinants of how and where urban growth occurs (ibid.). European Journal of Population = Revue Europenne de Dmographie. You may switch to Article in classic view. These regions represent the treatment group. Total loading time: 0.291 For each number of days after rewatering, the different letters indicate significant differences at P 0.05.WL: wetness with low PPD; WH: wetness with high PPD; DL: rewatering with low PPD; DH: rewatering with high PPD. It is an average number. Although final vegetative above-ground . 2008; Schulp et al. This phenomenon did not occur under low PPD due to weak intraspecific competition and close intraspecific competition intensity in the two populations. 2008). A list of all variables with descriptive statistics is given in Appendix.. Primarily because of concerns over economic strains, the EU is scrambling to institute policies that soften the economic effects of population aging and decline on the size of the workforce (European Commission 2015). 4Since urban land use is measured as a percentage of total land use and therefore 01 bounded, we use the logit transformation on this variable. Sap volume was determined by dividing the increase in weight by 1 g/cm3. Corine land cover, third level of the nomenclature (CLC_AGG3). 123 years later, it exceeded two billion, and then sixty years later it increased to 5 billion. Judging from Model 1, we would assume a strong negative relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in Europe. CO2 emissions change in European regions with high population growth and matched control group with low growth (red mark = mean). Beijing: Beijing Agricultural University Publishing Press. The effect of plant density on tiller growth and morphology in barley. The 2015 ageing report: Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (20132060). For instance, in 1960, the total fertility rate (TFR) in Switzerland was below 2 in urban areas such as Geneva compared with 3.5 or more children per woman in several rural cantons; today in all cantons the TFR falls somewhere between 1.2 and 1.7 (Basten et al. Only 15% thought the Italian population should increase, while a large majority preferred either a decreasing (29%) or a stationary population (52%) (see ibid.). This could certainly provide a better foundation for a counterfactual scenario to determine what would happen if Frances population grew more or less rapidly. Schrodt PA. As is well known, Europe is the world region with by far the lowest growth rate. Ballester C, Castel J, Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR. The stem bases of seedlings were wounded through clipping. Epub 2011 Jul 12. The study design comprised four treatments: (1) wetness with low PPD, (2) wetness with high PPD, (3) rewatering with low P Timothy D. Schowalter, in Insect Ecology (Second Edition), 2006 IV Effects of seed predation and dispersal. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. The experiment included five planting densities in which the plant spacing was 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 cm with the same spacing (50 cm) between rows. the reemergence of nativism and population control in anti-immigration policies. So how are some European regions with high population growth able to achieve low CO2 emissions? These results indicate the absence of nonspecific inhibitors in the extracts. "useSa": true 77, Issue. These results indicated that high PPD is disadvantageous for corn growth under wet conditions, drought stress, or rewatering, mainly because reduced growth in corn is due to the severe intraspecific competition in corn population under high PPD. However, cultivated plant populations may have insufficient time to establish a positive interaction, thereby hindering . To deal with missing values we used multiple imputation, creating ten multiply imputed datasets with Amelia II software (Honaker et al. Table1 confirms that population growth is positively correlated with urban growth. Cramer J. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features for this article. [10] found that corn (Zea mays L.) production is drastically affected by the combination of high PPD and water stress. Effects of deficit irrigation and plant density on the growth, yield and fiber quality of irrigated cotton. Extracts were pooled in the same 5 ml centrifuge tube. . Growth, yield and incidence of lodging of poppies were studied in Tasmania at 10-200 plants/m 2 and at nominal rectangularities (within-row: between-row spacing) ranging from 1:1 to 10:1. CO. Eurostat (2015a). Viewed in the context of Europes environmental plans, however, desires for population increase might contradict those states ambitious climate goals. Our data lend some support for the argument that population growth in European regions is partly exogenous to other variables in question, where on the level of Western European regions, population growth between 2000 and 2008 is only weakly correlated with per capita GDP in 2000 (r = .10) and even negatively with GDP growth (r = .19) for the observed period. Economic thought about population consequences: Some reflections. As shown in Fig 1, the base of the middle and top pots were removed, and the middle pot was inverted and stacked on the bottom pot. This suggests that population acts as a scale factor for environmental degradation in the West, as proponents of IPAT have argued. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2012; Liddle 2013). Cataln B, Saur D, Serra P. Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean? Render date: 2022-11-04T08:35:42.133Z If the population shrinks for low densities, there is a strong Allee effect. Gorrenflo LJ, Corson C, Chomitz KM, Harper G, Honzk M, zler B. Soluble carbohydrate content in the different treatments. Zhu Q, Peng X. The biggest theoretical challenges to PE research arguably lie in the insufficient knowledge about interactions and feedbacks between population, environment, and other factors. Part II: Development and evaluation of an urban growth scenario. As a result of a reform of regional boundaries in the German state of Saxony, most regions in Saxony are missing from the analysis (note the white area on the maps). Thus, we can argue that population growth in European regions is at least partly exogenous to the other variables in the equation and therefore issues of endogeneity or unobserved interactions should be much smaller compared with global cross-country analyses. It is noted here that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed by plant biomass during photosynthesis. Variation in population growth is therefore not rooted in different levels of human development or broad cultural values, factors that could also affect the environment. 4 and and5.5. While some cities and regions have been able to experience high or medium population growth and still reduce emissions, particularly in Western Europe, many regions have not. Consequently, high leaf cytokinin content was observed in rewatered corn under high or low PPD. As a cutting-edge city in developing clean energy alternatives and fighting global warming, local officials in Arhus in 2007 committed the city to being CO2 neutral by 2030 (ibid.). On 8 May, 2017, 24 corn seeds were sown in each stacked pot. Simulations can either be done with macro-level models (e.g., Bongaarts 1992; ONeill et al. The result leaves us with a sample of 96 high-growth and 96 most similar low-growth regions. Due to a delay between the onsets of mortality and fertility decline, a population grows rapidly for a certain period and then stabilizes at a higher level. 2002). Thus, PPD is closely associated with crop water use and drought resistant. You may notice problems with Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. The farm (3432' N, 11216' E and altitude 138 m) is located in Luoyang City of Henan Province and has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate. In the year 2000, according to the second wave of the Population Policy Acceptance Study, only 8% of the respondents in 12 European countries preferred their respective populations to decrease, compared to 49% who favored an increase (Hhn et al. Received 2018 Feb 22; Accepted 2018 May 25. 2021 Nov 23;15:11786302211060162. doi: 10.1177/11786302211060162. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 1 . 2003), as many young adults enter the workforce, but have fewer children to take care of. Sand was employed as the substrate to facilitate root separation and rinsing. The percentage recoveries of IAA, GA3, ABA, and ZR, which were determined by adding known quantities of the standard hormone to a split extract, were 79.2%, 78.6%, 80.2%, and 83.0%, respectively. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In the following, we review theoretical arguments on the link between population and the two outcomes of interest in this paper: urban land use change and CO2 emissions. Three single pots stacked together. Feb 3 2021 The cotton piece was reweighed after 12 h. The increase in the weight of the absorbent cotton piece was considered the amount of xylem sap collected from the roots. The effect of plant population density (PPD) and root-induced leaf cytokinin on the compensatory growth of potted corn seedlings during post-drought rewatering was investigated. The .gov means its official. More people lead to a greater demand for accommodations and trafficthe question is whether this direct effect is empirically suppressed by other mechanisms as outlined above. How Does Population Growth Affect Environmental Degradation? In: Mazur L, editor. 27 March 2009. In recent decades, cities such as Liverpool (the UK) or Leipzig (Germany) have experienced urban sprawl during periods of population decline (Couch et al. Abstract: Optimum plant population is a prerequisite for obtaining high yields of any crop. Exploring the patterns of urban growth across 26 European countries. This process was repeated twice. Simultaneously, the differences between individual sizes increased and some small-sized individuals occurred. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, Screening of Medicinal Plants to Suppress Population of Meloidogyne hapla in Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv . Teng NJ, Wang J, Chen T, Wu XQ, Wang YH, Lin JX. In a and b, the regression lines are y = 1.9542x + 95.909 (R2 = 0.8874, n = 9, p < 0.01) and y = 1.8631x +101.45 (R2 = 0.8631, n = 9, p < 0.01), respectively. Between 1990 and 2006, Dublins annual emissions increased by almost 15,000 kilotons (CO2). Qi M, Liu X, Li Y, Song H, Yin Z, Zhang F, He Q, Xu Z, Zhou G. Photosynth Res. This might indicate that in Eastern Europe, population growth is endogenous to wealth to some extent, probably as a result of intra-national (e.g., ruralurban) migration, as international migration only played a minor role in most Eastern countries during the period under study. Finally, Dublin, which has similar characteristics to Hamburg in terms of per capita income and other variables in our dataset, illustrates the environmental consequences possible with high population growth (1.51% during the period of study). European Commission (2009). Average annual population growth within the same time period is calculated using data from Eurostat (2015a).3 We include regional data for per capita GDP and GDP growth (from Eurostat 2015b) in our models. 1st ed. At 4 and 8 days after rewatering, WH and DH showed significantly higher leaf ABA content than WL and DL, respectively, and WL and DL presented higher xylem sap ABA concentrations than WH and DH, respectively. And the main thing that you need to grasp about population growth is that it is multiplicative. 2007 Aug 17;147(1-2):74-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.047. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. Each treatment group included nine pots. London/New York: Routledge. Two-week-old rice plants were inoculated with different M. graminicola densities (250, 500 . The plant population range for confection-type sunflower hybrids ranges from 12,000 to 18,000 plants per acre. Dublin City development plan 20162022 written statement. Significantly higher rootshoot ratio was observed in DL and DH than in WL and WH before rewatering, but no significant difference was observed among treatment groups at 4 and 8 days after rewatering. We argue that a good way to find appropriate cases is to examine the sub-national level (as in, e.g., Cramer 2002). In Eq. Additionally, high population densities caused decreasing nickel accumulation by L. gibba. Therefore, drought stress and high PPD could increase carbohydrate accumulation in roots. Has data issue: true The demographic dividend. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. These herbicides could be leached down, then accumulate to toxic levels in the soil and become harmful to microorganisms, plant, wild life and . It is also instructive to compare the effect of per capita GDP between models with (Model 3) and without (Models 1 and 2) country-specific errors in Table2. 2007). However, net population growthwhether through natural increase or migrationin higher-income European areas potentially has greater detrimental effects on the environment than does growth in a lower-income area because the average European inhabitant has such high consumption. Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. De Sherbinin A, Carr D, Cassels S, Jiang L. Population and Environment. Yield performance in plants is critical in food security and to determine the appropriate population density for the optimum production of roselle, plant population density (4plants/m 2 , 2 . hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1981. We then compare the distributions of urban growth and change in CO2 emissions between treatment and control cases. Thus, the experiment involved four treatments: (1) wetness with low PPD (WL), (2) wetness with high PPD (WH), (3) rewatering with low PPD (DL), (4) rewatering with high PPD (DH). While regions with low to medium population growth have on average kept their level between 2000 and 2008, similar regions with higher population growth increased emissions by more than 10%. The city of Brussels, which put ambitious climate policies in place in 2004, provides one such example. During 8 days of rewatering, compensatory growth during post-drought rewatering easily occurred in high PPD corn, whereas no compensatory growth was observed in low PPD corn. government site. Population growth and local air pollution: Methods, models, and results. eCollection 2021. Caldwell JC. Future carbon sequestration in Europeeffects of land use change. 2014 Jul;105:112-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.002. Schulp CJ, Nabuurs GJ, Verburg PH. Although WL showed significantly higher aboveground and total biomasses per pot at 8 days after rewatering compared with DL, rewatering still increased corn growth in DL. 2012 May;125(3):407-16. doi: 10.1007/s10265-011-0442-x. Size variability and one-sided competition of shoots and stools, Size variability and competition in plant monocultures, Effect of different water supply regimes on growth and size hierarchy in spring wheat populations under mulched with clear plastic film, Effect of water deficits on within-plot variability in growth and grain yield of spring wheat in northwest China. Corn compensatory growth during post-drought rewatering essentially involves rapid growth under the stimulus of sufficient water supply. Womens education in developing countries: Barriers, benefits, and policies. The lower populations are used under dryland conditions when soil-water levels at planting are low and the higher populations are used under irrigation. For CO2 emissions, balance is equally acceptable. 6Optimal matching and genetic matching were used as alternative algorithms. Despite a lower per capita consumption of natural resources than the USA, Canada, or Australia, densely populated European countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK, or Germany have a high ecological footprint, i.e., they consume a multitude of renewable resources compared to what their lands produce (Wackernagel and Rees 1996). Intrigliolo DS, Bonet L, Nortes PA, Puerto H, Nicolas E, Bartual J. Pomegranate trees performance under sustained and regulated deficit irrigation. 2009). The study design comprised four treatments: (1) wetness with low PPD, (2) wetness with high PPD, (3) rewatering with low PPD, and (4) rewatering with high PPD. What is the difference between population growth and population density? We find a considerable effect from regional population growth on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and urban land use increase in Western Europe. Again, high population growth regions show a significantly larger increase in urban fabric compared with regions of similar size, affluence, and income growth, but with lower population growth. Results showed that drought stress restrained the growth of corns. Under high or low PPD, rewatered corn presented high stomatal conductance compared with wet corn. Fig 4. The aim of the study was to find out the optimum plant density of mungbean for obtaining high grain yield. For each number of days after rewatering, the different letters indicate significant differences at P 0.05.WL: wetness with low PPD; WH: wetness with high PPD; DL: rewatering with low PPD; DH: rewatering with high PPD. The city set a specific target to reduce CO2 emissions by 40% per capita by 2025, partly through high energy and air quality standards. Rewatering caused a larger increase in net photosynthetic rate under high PPD than under low PPD. It is to be emphasized that the possible existence of "economies of scale" does not invalidate . Shi A. 1995; Dietz and Rosa 1997; Shi 2003; York et al. Number of Extreme intraspecific competition negatively affected net photosynthetic rate. Puddling is an important operation to minimize soil nutrient leaching and thereby increasing the availability of plant nutrients and achieving reduced soil condition. The ridges at the intermediate plant de nsity (44444 plants per hectare) obtained the highest . Thus, in terms of IPAT, a decrease in P (or delta P) can cause an increase in A (and vice versa) and therefore halting population growth could possibly result in more environmental degradation rather than less. The largest city in East Jylland is Arhus, which is considered the economic, trading, and cultural hub of both Jylland and Denmark (outside of Copenhagen). Rigorous tests of herbivore effects on plant populations require an approach that accounts for density dependence (which is necessary for population regulation to occur) across the full life cycle of the plant. Population growth is one of those things in ecology that is good to get kind of an intuitive feeling about. Cai F, Mi N, Ji RP, Zhao XL, Shi KQ, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang YS. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. 2013 May 8;8(5):e62941. By contrast, previous studies have often compared countries at various stages of the demographic transition that are embedded in different socioeconomic and political contexts. In accordance with Xiong et al. These results indicated that high PPD decreased Pn, Gs, and Tr of corn under wet or drought stress. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062941. Schultz TP. Soluble carbohydrate content in the. Ave means the average value during the rewatering period. 2013; Irrigation Science 31: 959970. Lessons from the Population Policy Acceptance Study: Demographic knowledgegenderageing. Velika R, Martsinkyavichen A, Rimkevichen M. Photosynthetic Characteristics and Productivity of Spring Rape Plants as Related to Crop Density. The degree of size inequality for each treatment was estimated on the basis of CV and G [1620]. In sum, most scholars agree that population size and growth have a direct effect on urban land cover and CO2 emissions if all other factors are held constant. & Christensen, A.M.H. Population growth was highest in Spain and Ireland in the 2000s, as these two countries witnessed the largest increase in their immigrant populations (in percentage points), followed by Italy (see Fig. 78, Issue. For instance, European cities such as Barcelona are often contrasted against North American cities with a comparable population size, but a much larger urban area (e.g., Cataln et al. Comparisons between competing and non-competing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) populations demonstrate pronounced effects of density on plant height growth, height-to-crown width ratio, and a population's height inequality.In the present study, non-destructive measurements of height and the projected crown area of sunflower plants were taken at seven times from emergence to fruit maturation . Dutch city of Utrecht (high growth) was matched with Salzburg, Austria (low growth), while the fast-growing Algarve in southern Portugal was paired with French department of Yvelines, where population growth was low. Around 10% of all regions (N = 96) in the sample have experienced population growth rates of 1% or more per year on average during the study period. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. Zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic, Fig 6. Fresh root, stem, and leaf samples were dried for 72 h in a forced air oven at 65C and used for biomass determination. Population density is a poor measure of population pressure, and redistributing population would be a dangerous pseudosolution to the population problem. The effect of population densities on the growth rate and metal (nickel) accumulation capacity of Lemna gibba (Lemnaceae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Effects of Temperature on the Development and Population Growth of the Melon Thrips,Thrips Palmi, on . A field experiment was conducted to test the suitability of growing sunflower under mulched drip irrigation with saline water in the HID (Hetao Irrigation District), North China. species. Urban sprawl in Europe. The relatively small individuals required lesser growth resources, which might relieve competition intensity, thereby benefiting the population survival. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0113-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0311-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-012-0372-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.003, http://www.hnkjt.gov.cn/2016/06/21/1466473164491.html. New York: United Nations. In the semi-arid and cold area with low soil moisture of northern Shanxi, the planting density of the kidney bean variety 'Yingguohong' is recommended to be 240 000-260 000 plant/ha. Lutz W, Scherbov S, Prskawetz A, Dworak M, Feichtinger G. Population, natural resources, and food security: Lessons from comparing full and reduced-form models. Zhu SF, Gao F, Cao XS, Chen M, Ye GY, Wei CH, et al. They can adapt to various habitats and make use of various aphid species associated with multiple host plants during their life cycle.
Skyrim Werewolf Transformation Mod, Sveltekit Server-side Fetch, Movement Speed Mod Minecraft, Michael Shellenberger Polls, Almond Flour Sourdough Starter Recipe, Emblem Card Customer Service,