It was introduced by Donald Hebb in his 1949 book The Organization of Behavior. (They are always capitalized because they are really important.) Although their genealogy begins in the Hegelian and Marxist traditions, some current feminist standpoint theories are also located squarely within an empiricist tradition in epistemology. I signed up for The PM PrepCast, bought a copy of the PMBOK Guide, and began to study the standards as set forth by PMI. As with the other roles, a creative worker in software programming requires team working and interpersonal skills in order to communicate effectively with those from other disciplinary backgrounds and training. Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. A theory of knowledge would explain what knowledge was, how humans could come to know things, what truly existed in the world, and the complicated relationship between the two. The Knowledge Areas are a handy way to group together theory and practical techniques. Standpoint theory, or standpoint epistemology, is a theory for analyzing inter-subjective discourses.Standpoint theory proposes that authority is rooted in individuals' personal knowledge and perspectives and the power that such authority exerts.. Standpoint theory's central concept is that an individual's perspectives are shaped by their social and political experiences. [14] In short, knowledge management programs can yield impressive benefits to individuals and organisations if they are purposeful, concrete and action-orientated. [17][37], Ikujiro Nonaka proposed a model (SECI, for Socialisation, Externalisation, Combination, Internalisation) which considers a spiraling interaction between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. [1]:4 He points to the fact that Fritz Machlup did a lot of the early work on both knowledge as well as knowledge work roles and as early as 1958 stated that the sector was growing much faster than the rest of the economy with knowledge workers making up almost a third of the workforce in the United States. The ongoing political and epistemic project of achieving a standpoint offers critical insights that give rise to a new perspective on reality. Knowledge Areas in the PMP Exam and how to prepare. [62] Some commentators have argued that after many years the Semantic Web has failed to see widespread adoption,[63][64][65] while other commentators have argued that it has been a success. It was introduced by Donald Hebb in his 1949 book The Organization of Behavior. Sandra Harding,Standpoint Theories: Productively Controversial, Kristen Intemann, Standpoint empiricism: Rethinking the terrain in feminist philosophy of science In. Person Xs social locationqua person with a disabilitymeans that the building presents differently to her from how it does to someone without a disability. 12 Project Management Principles Explained by Experts, Project Management Professional (PMP) exam. Knowledge workers are workers whose main capital is knowledge. This section outlines what are perhaps the most significant challenges to feminist standpoint theory. In so doing, they have widened understanding of, and enquiry into, family violence more generally to encompass violence perpetrated on children, on male partners, and on elders. Feminist standpoint theories emerged in the 1970s, in the first instance from Marxist feminist and feminist critical theoretical approaches within a range of social scientific disciplines. Tapscott (2006) sees a strong, on-going linkage between knowledge workers and innovation, but the pace and manner of interaction have become more advanced. Yet, for all the talk of learning, there has been little questioning about what it is, and what it entails. [7][59], Proprietary KM technology products such as Lotus Notes defined proprietary formats for email, documents, forms, etc. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Knowing communities: An investigation of Harding's standpoint epistemology", "The Standpoint of Art/Criticism: Cindy Sherman as Feminist Artist? Based on the findings, information, communications and electronic technologies (ICET) are viewed as an organisational tool, a source of ideas (such as the Internet), and a way of modelling a concept. (2013) noted, questions about learning are addressed in virtually all areas of psychology. As shown by the claim from Harding that appears at the end of the previous section, feminist standpoint theorists argue that the epistemic and political advantages of beginning enquiry from within womens lived experiences are not limited to providing a truer account of those lives, but of all the lives and socio-political relations within which those lives are enmeshed. This results in partial and distorted accounts of reality, which thereby fail to live up to modernistic standards of impartiality, neutrality and universality associated with a commitment to epistemic objectivity. Generalizations across the entire female gender can be broken into smaller more specific groups pertaining to women's different social classes and cultures, but are still generalized as distinct groups, and thus marginalization still occurs. "[29], Jermier argued that all parts of a research study identifying the problem, theorizing research questions, gathering and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and the knowledge produced are there to some extent because of the researchers standpoint. Accordingly, we contemplate organizational knowledge creation theory, which views OL as dynamic process of knowledge processes concerning tacit and explicit knowledge. These knowledge worker contributions are in contrast with activities that they would typically not be asked to perform, including: . "[23] According to this approach: Since standpoint theory focuses on marginalized populations, it is often applied within fields that focus on these populations. An established discipline since 1991, KM includes courses taught in the fields of business al. Other sites of enquiry that emerge from womens lived experience might include: Gender equity in the workplacewhy are women so over-represented in low-paid and under- or unvalued caring work? However, reconciliation between feminist standpoint theories and those feminist theories which prioritize difference remains problematic and presents a dilemma: The formation of a standpoint requires shared experiences of oppression and of struggle against that oppression. Overview. Due to the rapid global expansion of information-based transactions and interactions being conducted via the Internet, there has been an ever-increasing demand for a workforce that is capable of performing these activities. Perhaps the existence of this tension reinforces the claim that, while epistemic insight is achievable on the basis of individual insider/outsider experience, it is only from the political context and shared consciousness of a standpoint that such insights can be truly advantageous and move those within it from improved understanding of the realities of their lives towards social and political change. The abilities to traverse between these two work modes alongside the relevant creative application are part of the complexity of this style of working. Hillocks G. (1986). Such questions force us to examine the beliefs, prejudices and biases of the dominant groups in society, the propositions that have previously counted as knowledge. [6] As businesses increase their dependence on information technology, the number of fields in which knowledge workers must operate has expanded dramatically. An important difference between philosophy and psychology can be seen in these various kinds of knowledge. Honesty in Your Relationship Isn't Always the Best Policy, Kids Who Read Out Loud to a Dog See Improved Literacy, What to Do When Eating Disorders and Obesity Coexist, 4 Lessons Learned from Long-Term Grieving. Distance education, also known as distance learning, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at a school, or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance. It has applications in all fields of social science, as well as in logic, systems science and computer science.Originally, it addressed two-person zero-sum games, in which each participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by those of other participants. A good starting point for preparing for the exam is to memorize the table. They first point to the most narrow and defined definition of knowledge work, such as Florida's view of it as specifically, "the direct manipulation of symbols to create an original knowledge product, or to add obvious value to an existing one", which limits the definition of knowledge work to mainly creative work. Feminist standpoint theories seek, moreover, to go beyond analysis and description of the role played by social location in structuring and shaping knowledge. They let you take your knowledge and step you and your team through exactly what you have to do at each point. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist. [38], Hayes and Walsham (2003) describe knowledge and knowledge management as two different perspectives. Rational choice theory has proposed that there are two outcomes of two choices regarding human action. A standpoint differs in this respect from a perspective, which anyone can have simply by opening ones eyes. This can also be related with market and research. This places them in a unique position from which to understand how things are in the Academy from the perspective of an insider who enjoys some degree of power and privilege both professionally and personally as a result of her membership, and who at the same time has an understanding of how things are from the perspective of one who is marginalized with respect to the centre of that power as a result of her gender and race. (Eds. The Knowledge Areas form a significant part of the exam. [6] Several consulting companies provide advice regarding KM to these organizations. This type of work includes a complex combination of skill sets or 'creative knowledge work (ckw) capacities'. Aspects of those theories that attract controversy both within and outside of the intellectual conversations in which feminist standpoint theories have been developed and employed are also briefly discussed. Knowledge processes (preserving, sharing, integration) are performed by professional groups, as part of a knowledge management program. Email: TABOO@waikato.ac.nz Yet, for all the talk of learning, there has been little questioning about what it is, and what it entails. Central to all these standpoint theories are feminist analyses and critiques of relations between material experience, power, and epistemology, and of the effects of power relations on the production of knowledge. African American women, rather than racist and sexist social structures, are blamed for that oppression. This way of thinking oppresses as it constrains what can be known about being an African American woman. Our conversations are sprinkled with slips, pauses, lies, and clues to our inner world. Real knowledge on this view just is socially situated; it is interested as opposed to disinterested [Harding 2004: 24-25]. Heres what we reveal when we speak, whether we mean to or not. I call it a brain dump and it should definitely include this table. The influence of social location on epistemic content and capacity can be felt throughout our epistemic practices, shaping not only the way in which we understand the world, but also the way in which it is presented to us via experience. [45] Considerable controversy exists over whether such incentives work and no consensus has emerged. Hansen et al. One of the oldest and most venerable traditions in the philosophy of knowledge characterizes knowledge as justified true belief." The details depend on the perspective. But heres the thing. As Jan De Hower et. This investigation (Loo, 2017) identified a definition of creative knowledge work from four specific roles of copywriting, creative directing, software programming, and systems programme managing in advertising and IT software. This view gives a basis to a central principle of standpoint theorythe inversion thesis. To avoid falling into limitations of the status quo and certain standpoints, he said that "the view from below has greater potential to generate more complete and more objective knowledge claims." It is against a background of a standard such as this that it would be possible to claim, without retreat to relativism, that marginalized standpoints can offer epistemic advantage. That is not to say that existing conceptual frameworks have been of no use whatsoever for women, for even this conceptual dissonance has been mediated and expressed within those frameworks. Its your responsibility to choose the right processes to give you the desired outcome. Matrix of Domination: Societal systems put in place that support the dominant group's power. Since feminist standpoint theories take the view that enquiry is best started from within womens material experience and that epistemic advantage ensues from within standpoints that emerge from that experience, they can mistakenly be understood to espouse an essentialist universalism, according to which women are afforded automatic epistemic privilege simply for the fact of their being women. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieve organisational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. As part of a new unified view, I argue that it solves the long-standing problem of psychology and thus offers a new way to bridge philosophy and psychology and integrate human knowledge systems into a more coherent holistic view. [2] But despite the amount of research and literature on knowledge work, there is no succinct definition of the term. [9][10], The most complex scenario for knowledge management may be found in the context of supply chain as it involves multiple companies without an ownership relationship or hierarchy between them, being called by some authors as transorganizational or interorganizational knowledge. Abingdon: Routledge). People who find or provide a way to deal with a problem. My framework, the Tree of Knowledge System, is an approach that has elements in common with both of these approaches. It's a good representation of the type of training it offers. Every project needs the 5 Process Groups. Youre one step closer to becoming a PMP). As Uma Narayan has argued, it should be acknowledged that this colonialized bi-culturalism has a dark side [Harding 2004: 221-3] with which women adopt various strategies to survive. You can close a particular activity at any point, not just at the end of the project. defined the two strategies (codification and personalisation). transaction processing; routine tasks; simple prioritization of work; There is a set of transitional tasks which include roles that are seemingly routine, but that require deeper technology, product, or customer knowledge to fulfill the function. "Creative knowledge workers use a combination of creative applications to perform their functions/roles in the knowledge economy including anticipatory imagination, problem solving, problem seeking, and generating ideas and aesthetic sensibilities" (Loo, 2017, p.138). Yet standpoint theory remains controversial and its controversies manifest both between and beyond feminist scholars, as Alison Wylie writes, Standpoint theory may rank as one of the most contentious theories to have been proposed and debated in the twenty-five to thirty year history of second-wave feminist thinking about knowledge and science. As the Knowledge Areas and Process Groups are such an integral part of the PMBOK Guide, youll want to make sure you are using a comprehensive exam prep guide such as the PM PrepCast. Introduction to Business includes hundreds of current business examples from a range of industries and geographic locations, which feature a variety of individuals. Many students flick to this page in their Guide and suddenly the interplay between Knowledge Areas, Process Groups and processes becomes clear. Harding argues that standpoint theory imposes a rigorous logic of discovery involving a strong demand for ongoing reflection and self-critique from within a standpoint, enabling the justification of socially-situated knowledge claims. [1991: 127]. He notes that effective and efficient knowledge work relies on the smooth navigation of unstructured processes and the elaboration of custom and one-off procedures. Hartsock used Hegel's master-slave dialectic and Marx's theory of class and capitalism as an inspiration to look into matters of sex and gender. A second system that has been gaining some notoriety lately is that of Big History, which attempts to create a macro-level perspective of humans since the beginning of time. The epistemic advantage of the double vision afforded to those in the position of being outsiders within is a recurring theme of feminist standpoint theories. An established discipline since 1991, KM includes courses taught in the fields of business It may also be applied to inter-sectoral activities such as software for cross-disciplinary applications. That complexity is additionally increased by industry 4.0 (or 4th industrial revolution) and digital transformation, as new challenges emerge from both the volume and speed of information flows and knowledge generation. [7], One strategy to KM involves actively managing knowledge (push strategy). A Markov chain or Markov process is a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. There are some good tips for memorizing the table in Bruce Garrods article on the PMI Community website. He describes social media tools on the internet that now drive more powerful forms of collaboration. The difficulty of surmounting such challenges might account, in part, for the tension inherent in many feminist standpoint theorists accounts of epistemic insight. Feminist standpoint theory, then, makes a contribution to epistemology, to methodological debates in the social and natural sciences, to philosophy of science, and to political activism. Second, after the preferred option has been chosen, the feasible region that has been selected was picked based on restriction of financial, legal, social, physical or emotional restrictions that There are around 50 processes in the Guide. In the Knowledge Age, wealth is based upon the ownership of knowledge and the ability to use that knowledge to create or improve goods and services. So while both the dominant and the dominated occupy perspectives, the dominated are much more successfully placed to achieve a standpoint. Standpoint theorists counter that the idea that identity is fluid itself puts the political power of feminism at risk and threatens the loss of the material experience of womens oppression. "Early standpoint theorists sought to understand the way in which the gendered identity of knowers affected their epistemic resources and capacities". Following Marxist tradition in rejecting liberal assumptions that social and historical factors are irrelevant to epistemic questions, central tenets of feminist standpoint theories include their recognition of the role of social and historical location in shaping epistemic agents and their knowledge, and an embrace of that location as a potentially valuable contribution to knowledge. All standpoints are partial; so (for example). Analyze, dissemination, expert search, monitoring, networking, service search. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to spread and is an increasing force health protection (FHP) threat in areas where Department of Defense (DoD) personnel live and work. The views of those who belong to groups with more social power are validated more than those in marginalized groups. This research identified three levels of creative knowledge applications. Depending on the project youll need to know more or less about each one you might not need to procure anything on a small project, for example, so you can knock off Number 9. Its not an even split. People who create personal or project related connections with people involved in the same kind of work, to share information and support each other. In two empirical studies they have "proposed a new way of classifying the roles of knowledge workers and the knowledge actions they perform during their daily work. The easiest way to remember the difference is: Process Groups help you apply what knowledge you have about the different professional areas of project management. [3], Standpoint theory supports what feminist theorist Sandra Harding calls strong objectivity, or the notion that the perspectives of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals can help to create more objective accounts of the world. Standpoint theory, or standpoint epistemology,[1] is a theory for analyzing inter-subjective discourses. It helps convert tacit form of knowledge into an explicit form. Read the relevant chapter from his book and take a look at the bar chart yourself: it makes it really clear that planning is essential if you want your project to be a success, and that youve got the most work to do in that area. CRC Press, DeLong, D. W., & Storey, J. PMIs Pulse of the Profession study reported that high-performing organizations are three times more likely to use standard processes across the organization than low performers. An Introduction. Rational choice theory has proposed that there are two outcomes of two choices regarding human action. Companies are more like living organisms than machines, he argued, and most viewed knowledge as a static input to the corporate machine. Distance education, also known as distance learning, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at a school, or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance. The manner in which each of the creative applications is applied is dependent on the role(s) of the creative workers. The implicit requirement that a woman suppress part of herself in order to acquire any professional credibility is one reason, Rose argues, why women scientists were, and in some disciplines remain, comparative rarities. This brief example highlights the two broadest angles philosophers take regarding knowledge, which is that of epistemology and ontology. Ontology refers to the question of reality and is about determining what can be said to really exist in the world. But, as philosophers have noted for centuries, things get complicated fairly quickly. More than three decades have passed since the publication of the first work that developed and advocated feminist standpoint theories. For example, my perceptual, cognitive background structures allow me to experience and understand the Coke bottle on my desk in a particular way; different perceptual or cognitive background structures would result in a different reality. By way of emphasis of this point, Hartsock uses the label feminist standpoint whereas Dorothy Smith uses the label womens standpoint, reflecting the way in which standpoint theory argues for womens place as a starting point for enquiry [Harding 2004: 21]. Harding argues that the political engagement of feminists and their active focus on the lives of women allows them to have an epistemically privileged standpoint.[2] Harding also maintained that it is the marginalized groups that ultimately provide the clearest view on the true opportunities and obstacles faced in society. [7][46] In such an instance, expert individual(s) provide insights to requestor (personalisation). In some cases they would also need to manage the knowledge of their co-workers. The Process Groups are: It would be nice if your project walked through each of these Groups in a neat, linear order. By the time youve got through the first page of A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) youll have come across the terms Knowledge Areas and Process Groups. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieve organisational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. Contemporary standpoint theory often focuses on the social positions such as gender, race, social class, culture, and economic status. In cases where the knowledge assets have commercial or monetary value, companies may create patents around their assets, at which point the material becomes restricted intellectual property. Susan Hekmans article, Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited, Signs Vol 22, No. (2008). Add to that a normal process and youve got three very different things that form the backbone of the book. While he echoes concern over copyright and intellectual property law being challenged in the marketplace, he feels strongly that businesses must engage in collaboration to survive. Knowledge management (KM) is the collection of methods relating to creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization. This critical approach, Harding asserts, results in a stronger notion of objectivity than that achieved by traditional approaches to enquiry. They can affect what we are capable of knowing and what we are permitted to know. This self-awareness is fundamental to the research process because it should result in a researcher role that is respectful and not disruptive, aggressive or controlling.[35]. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico In contrast, epistemology refers to how we humans know things. This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 17:14. Analyze, information organization, monitoring, networking. They are verbs (doing words). Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them.Its topics include politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist. A standpoint is a position from which objects or principles are viewed and according to which they are compared and judged. In order to negotiate and cope, the best she can, with various contexts in which she finds herself having to operate, a woman might suppress part of herself in some of those contexts while assuming the persona best suited to each. It is an attempt to explain synaptic plasticity, the adaptation of brain neurons during the learning process. Knowledge management (KM) is the collection of methods relating to creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization. I also memorized PMBOK Guide table 1-4. [17] The KM idea has been taken up by academics, such as Ikujiro Nonaka (Hitotsubashi University), Hirotaka Takeuchi (Hitotsubashi University), Thomas H. Davenport (Babson College) and Baruch Lev (New York University). Propositional knowledge refers to general truth claims about the world and how we know it. (3) Research, particularly that focused on power relations, should begin with the lives of the marginalized. Academic Joshua St. Pierre defines the inversion thesis as giving "epistemic authority to those marginalized by systems of oppression insofar as these people are often better knowers than those who benefit from oppression. So far we have done an 'executive overview' of the Knowledge Areas and stayed high-level.
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