Should carbonates form, CO is still removed, but not as efficiently. These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial byproducts. A global support team that helps the science and technology teams plan experiments, seek permits, hire new staff, organize events, communicate progress, and centralize learning. Ocean Visions CDR Community brings together stakeholders to advance the state of knowledge, build bridges across disciplines, and help the community move towards safe and equitable testing and piloting of the most promising ocean-based CDR approaches. Over the past 10-15 years, researchers have explored different solutions to reduce costs and speed up dissolution rates. The OAE Research Award seeks to establish this team. This alkalinity is then moved to the ocean and is used to enhance the oceans natural alkalinity. Ocean Visions ocean-based CDR road maps provide overviews of potential technologies, obstacles they face, and first-order priorities needing attention to advance the field. Then, to simulate ocean alkalinity enhancement, we added different amounts of carbonates to each mesocosm to increase alkalinity - except for one, which we left as an untreated control. To give a sense of scale, if you were to remove all the CO2 from the atmosphere and put it in the oceans, it would only increase the amount of carbon in ocean chemistry by 2%. Ocean Visions believes that we may be able to harness the power of the ocean to restore the climateandthe ocean itself. This is a carbon and energy expensive process, where approximately 0.8 tonnes of CO2 are produced at a point source for every tonne sequestered. Distance between alkalinity sources and optimal distribution points could also be an influential factor. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is a strategy to remove CO 2 directly from the atmosphere by adding processed minerals [e.g., lime (Ca(OH) 2) or olivine (Mg 2 SiO 4)] to marine areas.OAE increases the CO 2 buffering capacity of the ocean (de Coninck et al., 2018), which subsequently strengthens the oceanic CO 2 uptake (Khler et al., 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013). Direct dissolution of CO2 is far less of a beneficial process than rock weathering. Adding alkalinity via natural or enhanced weathering is counteracted by the precipitation of carbonate, which reduces alkalinity and, in todays ocean, is driven almost entirely by calcifying organisms. Raw material production (e.g., mining, grinding, transport) and the energy sources which are used will greatly influence the net CO2removal. The feasibility of ocean alkalinity enhancement . Specifically, following alkalinity addition, CO2 is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3) and carbonate ions (CO32), and these chemical changes lead to a rise in pH (Kheshgi, 1995; Gore et al., 2019). Led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Assistant Scientist Adam V. Subhas and Associate Scientist Z. Aleck Wang, this project will explore the implications of the naturally-occurring seasonally enhanced alkalinity flux from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and . Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement is the process of increasing the pH of the ocean very slightly with the goal of enhancing the ability of the ocean to absorb and safely lock away carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. OAE can, at least on paper, sequester billions tons of CO2annually for tens or even hundreds of thousands of years, imitating geologic weathering processes that have sequestered trillions of tons of atmospheric CO2in the ocean over millennia. This process occurs naturally over geologic time as alkalinity is produced through the slow weathering of rocks, such as limestone or basalt, and subsequent runoff of the alkaline molecules into the ocean. As olivine dissolves, it adds alkalinity to seawater. Ocean alkalinity enhancement involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline rocks or through an electrochemical process, which increases ocean pH levels and thereby enables greater uptake of carbon dioxide, as well as reducing the adverse impacts of ocean acidification. Any MRV framework will have to focus on two major questions however. $397,716. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the carbonate species end up at the bottom of the ocean where they form carbonate rock. The good news is that this process will solve climate change. Can OAE be cost-effectively deployed at scale? To date, most attention has been paid to terrestrial EW applications (Khler et al., 2010; Schuiling and Tickell, 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013), with potential co-benefits in addition to CDR including stabilization of soil pH, addition of micronutrients, and crop fertilization (e.g., Manning, 2010). Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the oceans natural carbon sink. The organisation, in partnership with Ocean Visions and a consortium of philanthropic funders, is offering funding for scientific teams to systematically assess whether OAE can safely, permanently and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO2 at scale. Formation of these clays reduces the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement, e.g. The resulting CO, deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO. into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. , Renforth, P., B.G. One idea is ocean alkalinity enhancement - adding minerals like olivine or other alkaline substances to the ocean that react with CO2 to form bicarbonate ions, which once again causes the ocean to take up more CO2 from the atmosphere. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO While mitigating all anthropogenic emissions by increasing ocean alkalinity is unlikely to be technically possible or desirable, . 1. The ocean is one of nature's largest carbon sinks, as it absorbs upwards of 30% of cumulative human emissions. Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. The Calcium oxide is then stored in the ocean. A cohort of technology innovation teams that build proof-of-concept prototypes for cost-effective, scalable, and reliable OAE deployment, including monitoring, reporting, and verification hardware. The research will remain within safe limits. . This process occurs naturally over geologic time as alkalinity is produced through the slow weathering of rocks, such as limestone or basalt, and subsequent runoff of the alkaline molecules into the ocean. The Global Potential for Converting Renewable Electricity to Negative-CO2-Emissions Hydrogen, Rau, G.H., H.D. 2022 Ocean Alkalinity in Bedford Basin, It produces a very pure form of alkalinity, ensuring that no biologically active or toxic byproducts are added to the ocean, The alkalinity is highly insoluble in seawater which limits the amount that it can change the chemistry of the local ocean even if theres a spill, it wont change the pH of seawater beyond safe ranges, It produces alkalinity whose cation the ion that comes with it is already abundant in seawater chemistry this is not a new substance for the ocean. Our definition of OAE encompasses these electrochemical approaches. Adding alkalinity via natural or enhanced weathering is counteracted by the precipitation of carbonate, which reduces alkalinity and, in today's ocean, is driven almost entirely by calcifying organisms. . Getting the CO2 to . Ocean alkalinity enhancement may counter ocean acidification the change in seawater chemistry that has been caused by absorption of anthropogenic CO2 pollution into the upper layer of the ocean. Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. The report says there is high confidence in its efficacy. At Schmidt Marine, we created the Ocean Job Board to help drive ocean conservation forward by providing access to top jobs across the community. That is, the technologies to extract, process, and transport minerals are all mature, but research on ocean alkalinization remains mostly at the level of theoretical work and laboratory experiments, with a few coastal experiments in development. Increasing ocean pH via alkalinity enhancement may then be directly beneficial for organisms that are vulnerable to ocean acidification. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a field that a lot of people are very excited about, including those who . CLOSED Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Engineering Award. 1000 degrees Celsius are used to heat high purity limestone. An RFP for this effort will be published in the next few months. Download a PDF of "A Research Strategy for Ocean-based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration" by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for free. In this consensus report, OAE stands out as a potentially efficient and highly scalable CDR pathway that permanently sequesters CO2. One of the many CDR approaches we are exploring is managing ocean alkalinity. Therefore, this approach has the potential to not only remove atmospheric CO2 but also counteract ocean acidification and thus contribute to the restoration of ecosystems threatened by it. Irrespective of the mode of alkalinity enhancement, estimated costs remain above (or close to) $100 per net ton removed, largely as a result of high energy costs. In late 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics (NASEM) released a study on ocean-based CDR approaches. 7 Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: 181-208: 8 Electrochemical Engineering Approaches: 209-238: 9 Synthesis and Research Strategy: 239-264: References: 265-296: Acronyms and . so, then this alkalinity can be produced in vast quantities in the ocean dead zones and distributed across the ocean's surface. The oceans already hold roughly 38,000 billion tons of carbon; their capacity to store additional carbon is, for practical purposes, unlimited. I did mention that this Biological Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (BOAE) project "Hijacked" the biomineralization pathways. Environmental impacts Ocean Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement directly counters the changes in seawater chemistry brought on by ocean acidification. Note that some of the most cost-effective and scalable electrochemical processes described in NASEM (2021) increase the alkalinity of seawater, and/or force the precipitation of solid alkaline materials that can be used for OAE. Ocean Alkalinization When minerals such as silicate or even lime are crushed and distributed, they bind CO 2 in the weathering process. Like it or not, as Bach et al. Expanding the Community for Ocean Solutions. September 01, 2020 to May 31, 2023. Ocean alkalinity enhancement involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline rocks or through an electrochemical process, which increases ocean pH levels and thereby enables greater uptake of carbon dioxide, as well as reducing the adverse impacts of ocean acidification. The threat of acidification includes a decline in commercial fisheries and in the Arctic tourism industry and economy . Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. To remove the maximum amount of CO from the atmosphere, that alkalinity needs to persist in seawater. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF OCEAN ALKALINITY ENHANCEMENT Ocean alkalinty increases with excess atmospheric CO 2 When excess atmospheric CO 2 passively diffuses into the ocean, much of that CO 2 is quickly hydrated to form carbonic acid. Development Gaps and Needs. Alkaline molecules are a natural part of the ocean and its processes, but they are produced slowlyover hundreds to thousands of yearsas rock on land is weathered and the minerals are . Ocean-based approaches were beyond the scope of the NASEM study, posing the risk of delayed maturation in this area, and a reduction in the total CDR achievable by 2100. In theory, ocean alkalinization could remove many billions of tons of CO2 per year, limited mainly by the extraction, processing, and application of alkaline substances: each ton of removal through ocean alkalinization requires processing roughly 13.5 tons of material. (2019) have noted, our . This mildly alkaline water flows out through rivers and streams into the oceans. Rock weathering is often referred to as Earths Thermostat since it moderates the temperature of the planet. Cross-cutting road map Read the core principles guiding our work on carbon dioxide removal and the ocean. We believe that OAE R&D needs to be conducted with a prudent, step-by-step approach and that the nature, scale, duration, and intensity of experimentation and technology development should be proportionate to the current state of knowledge about potential adverse effects. Award Period. The report estimates $125 million to $200 million for research, including field and laboratory . 2013. three main methods, in addition to electrochemical approaches (reviewed in chapter 8 ), are currently being considered to enhance alkalinity in seawater: the dissolution of naturally occurring silicate-based minerals such as olivine, accelerated limestone weathering ( rau and caldeira, 1999 ), and dissolution of calcium carbonate The BOAE project is an electrochemical cell-free synthetic biology flow reactor. This process provides needed alkalinity and minerals to marine life especially anything that makes a shell. While OAE is potentially efficient, permanent, and scalable on paper, it remains a theoretical concept with many open questions which we hope to answer. This would lead to a build-up of calcium,. A research strategy for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal and sequestration, pp 181-208. , , , , . This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere. 3 and Table 1). As CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere rise due to our emissions, it creates whats called a partial pressure difference in CO2 between the air and the surface ocean. Negative CO2 Emissions via Enhanced Silicate Weathering in Coastal Environments. Atlanta, Georgia, February 1, 2022: Additional Ventures is partnering with Ocean Visions and a consortium of philanthropic funders to announce the Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) Research Award. Enhance the understanding of sustainable Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method. The energy to create alkalinity is comparable to the energy to synthesize seashells! The ocean already holds more carbon than any other part of the biosphere and has the potential to contribute even more. It involves the dissolution of alkaline minerals such as quick lime, CaO, and hydrated lime, Ca(OH) 2. Testing ocean alkalinity enhancement as a method to restore ecosystem services impacted by ocean acidification. The experiment will run for ~5 weeks and we will monitor how the plankton community develops under the different alkalinity treatments. Cost estimates vary for different approaches. Second, what are the undesired effects of OAE on marine organisms and ecosystems (monitoring of environmental impacts) and how can they be mitigated? This request for proposals (RFP) is part of the Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program, an ambitious effort to accelerate understanding of . These include spreading finely ground alkaline substances over the open ocean, depositing alkaline sand or gravel on beaches or coastal seabeds, and reacting seawater with alkaline minerals inside specialized fuel cells before releasing it back into the ocean. Adding alkalinity to the ocean converts dissolved inorganic CO2 in seawater into bicarbonates and carbonates, which are stable forms of carbon with a lifetime of approximately 10,000 years. However, a critical knowledge gap exists regarding their dissolution in natural seawater. This includes particle dissolution rate (when adding minerals), secondary precipitation, and CO, Large-scale and permanent modification of seawater carbon chemistry will have desired and undesired environmental impacts, and these impacts are likely to differ across the various modes of alkalinity addition. It is also possible for alkalinity to be rapidly consumed by formation of secondary minerals such as clays and carbonates. This dissolution forms carbonic acid and is responsible for acidifying our oceans. When this lands on alkaline rock, it weathers (or dissolves) the surface of the rock, forming carbonates and bicarbonates in solution. Posted on March 13, 2020by julia This is a useful synthesis of current knowledge on ocean alkalinity enhancement, an approach to carbon removal that could have far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) on the ocean and coastal communities. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a particularly promising ocean CDR approach. Generally speaking, permitting of wastewater in Canada provides for this kind of addition limiting the change of pH to a maximum of 9 from the baseline of 8.1 in seawater. Introduction. One widely discussed ocean carbon dioxide removal technique is ocean alkalinity enhancement, which involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline materials (e.g., ground olivine or dunite rock) or through an electrochemical process. There are two ways that the earth transfers carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean rock weathering and direct dissolution. Estimated costs for the various methods, while highly uncertain, generally range from $70160 per ton of CO2, but net costs may be as low as $3 per ton for methods that produce hydrogen as a byproduct. Any MRV framework will have to focus on two major questions however. Award Amount. A number of ocean-based CDR approaches are being exploredincluding ocean alkalinity enhancement. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) may be a relatively safe way of storing CO 2 in the ocean, potentially for thousands of years. All rights reserved. Below is a visual representation of key quantitative and qualitative results summarized by NASEM (2021, Table S.1 therein). "However, this would also release substances that would enter the marine environment, either by leaching into waterways from Enhanced Weathering on land or by being directly added through Ocean. The mission of Ocean Visions is to develop innovative and durable solutions to complex challenges facing our ocean. Duties include laboratory work with pilot-scale alkalinity reactors to understand key processes for sustainable alkalinity production to be distributed in seawater. One proposed ocean-based CDR technique is ocean alkalinity1 enhancement (OAE) (Figure 7.1), also termed enhanced weathering (EW), proposed by Kheshgi (1995). Jenkins & T. Kruger. The report says there is high confidence in its efficacy. If youd like to stay informed, send us an email at climate@additionalventures.org. The OAE R&D Program is designed to be ambitious, rigorous, collaborative, and fast-paced. When theres excess CO2, the process accelerates and when theres less, it slows down. Large-scale and permanent modification of seawater carbon chemistry will have desired and undesired environmental impacts, and these impacts are likely to differ across the various modes of alkalinity addition. State of Technology. Our planet is being transformed by climate disruption, with some of the worst impacts occurring in the ocean. Subscribe to our e-newsletter to get the latest news and opportunities from Ocean Visions. CEA Consulting have put forward a thorough examination of ocean alkalinity enhancement, raising awareness about this process and its ability to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide. Among various ocean negative-carbon-emission approaches or ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is an approach that will decrease sea surface p CO 2 via the addition of alkaline materials and promote CO 2 uptake from the atmosphere. Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Facebook, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Twitter, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on LinkedIn, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Instagram, Professional Studies and Executive Education, Assessing Ocean Alkalinity for Carbon Sequestration. . We may be able to greatly enhance this process via human-caused additions of alkaline material. This approach is broadly inspired by Earth's modulation of alkalinity on geological timescales. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Climate change is having an impact on across the world, and urgent action needs to be taken! Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the ocean's natural carbon sink. As ocean-based CO2removal has attracted more interest, OAE has emerged as a particularly intriguing approach. Our proposal represents an urgently needed step to determine the likely feasibility of OAE to restore ocean pH in the field effectively and safely. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement This approach chemically alters ocean water to increase its alkalinity in order to enhance reactions that take up atmospheric CO2. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is one of several proposed techniques for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in the oceans. This includes particle dissolution rate (when adding minerals), secondary precipitation, and CO2 gas exchange dynamics. For example, on geologic timescales, the dissolution of alkaline silicate minerals plays a major role in restoring ocean chemistry via addition of alkalinity to the ocean and conversion of CO2 into other dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) species (Archer et al., 2009). Seaweed cultivation involves the growing of . We must also clean up the legacy greenhouse gas pollution already in our atmosphere. There are different ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. 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The cost of ocean alkalinity enhancement will vary depending on the alkalinity source, transport, and distribution methods of alkalinity in the ocean. provide overviews of potential technologies, obstacles they face, and first-order priorities needing attention to advance the field. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the oceans natural carbon sink. Land-based CDR methods such as afforestation or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage have received much attention recently. Vesta is tackling the dual problem of shoreline erosion due to sea level rise and carbon emissions reduction with olivine . This is a useful synthesis of current knowledge on ocean alkalinity enhancement, an approach to carbon removal that could have far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) on the ocean and coastal communities. However, weathering of alkaline minerals like olivine releases byproducts such as silica, magnesium, and trace metals. 2022. The goal of ocean alkalinity enhancement is to accelerate the carbon-absorbing weathering of rock, which naturally occurs as rainfall washes over land into waterways and eventually the ocean.. Adding alkalinity to the ocean converts dissolved inorganic CO, in seawater into bicarbonates and carbonates, which are stable forms of carbon with a lifetime of approximately 10,000 years. The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the planet. Abstract. The Challenge 0. . Ocean alkalinity enhancement is one of several promising tools that could help achieve this goal. When the concentration of CO2 in the ocean is less than the concentration of CO2 in the air, the greenhouse gas dissolves into the water. . Once we . "Ocean alkalinity enhancement has the potential to offset the effects of ocean acidification by increasing pH levels and neutralizing the CO2 building up in the water," he says. OAE is i) the addition of alkaline materials such as ultramafic rocks and lime, and ii) electrochemical processes. The resulting CO2 deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO2 into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. The oceans are the largest store of carbon on the earth's surface, holding over 38,000 gigatonnes (billion tonnes) in their chemistry. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement is not limited by mineral resources, but rather by the ability to scale up extraction or production of alkaline materials. And the best part is this. Current concern about the accelerated rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion from the atmosphere into the surface ocean has prompted the marine scientific community to explore ocean CO2 removal (CDR) approaches. Overview Technology Readiness CDR Potential Environmental Co-benefits Environmental Risks Social Risks Social Co-benefits. The . Seaweed cultivation involves the growing of . This process is generally considered beneficial since the additional alkalinity provided helps the ocean to maintain the appropriate pH. One of the plans, referred to as ocean alkalinity enhancement, would involve grinding up igneous rocks that are found on shorelines around . In the absence of data from mesocosm and field trials, it is difficult to predict these changes and to develop meaningful frameworks for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV). The program includes three pillars: An ocean sciences and modeling team that is resourced and empowered to work creatively and iteratively to systematically assesses whether OAE can safely, permanently, and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO2 at scale.. Although the basic chemistry of ocean alkalinization is well understood and the individual components of most approaches are well developed, ocean alkalinization itself remains in the early stages of research and development. Despite global efforts to mitigate emissions and decarbonize the economy, it is unlikely that extreme ecosystem effects can be fully averted without carbon dioxide removal (CDR) mechanisms.This document makes an attempt at discussing current knowledge and knowledge gaps relating to the local and global application of ocean alkalinity . Priority questions for this request for proposals include: Impacts on human industry. Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the ocean's natural carbon sink. Chapter 7 Ocean alkalinity enhancement. Willauer & Z.J. Ocean alkalinity plays a major role in ocean's carbon uptake, in buffering, and in calcium carbonate production and dissolution, and it impacts and is affected by various biogeochemical processes. In rock weathering, atmospheric CO2 dissolves in rainwater, forming a mild acid. Download an overview of the Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program. The report estimates $125 . An increase in ocean alkalinity could be achieved by dissolving rocks and minerals either directly in the open ocean or through engineered systems. We may be able to greatly enhance this process via human-caused additions of alkaline material. CO2 removal with enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinity enhancement: Potential risks and co-benefits for marine pelagic ecosystems. First, how much CO, An ocean sciences and modeling team that is resourced and empowered to work creatively and iteratively to systematically assesses whether OAE can safely, permanently, and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO. This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the . 2022 Ocean Visions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This video introduces ocean alkalinity enhancement as a potential carbon dioxide removal strategy.Learn more: www.oceancdr.net Whilst mineral dissolution in the ocean is undoubtedly a natural process, there is a much wider debate on where the boundary between . The mechanism were using in this project is to use electrochemistry to produce a pure, mild form of alkalinity. Adding alkalinity to seawater to capture CO 2. ocean pH against the hazard from alkalinity enhancement is a challenge for marine and social scientists, ethicists, and for ocean governance. These factors include location (e.g., physical and biogeochemical environment where the alkalinity is added) and the mode, frequency, and rate of alkalinity addition.
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